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Characters Name Variants: Guenevere, Ginevra, Gwenhwyfar, Gaynor, Guanhumara, Guennivar, Ganore, Guenever, Waynor Background Essay Author: Alan Lupack

Guinevere is said to be the daughter of Leodegrance of Cameliard in late medieval romance. In many sources, she marries Arthur and then has a love affair with Lancelot which causes the downfall of Camelot.

The Welsh Triads speak of "Arthur's Three Great Queens," all named Gwenhwyfar (Triad 56) and name Gwenhwyfar as "more faithless" than the three faithless wives of the Island of Britain (Triad 80). One of the earliest Arthurian stories is about the abduction of Guinevere by Meleagant (or Melyagaunce or Melwas). The story is told in The Life of St. Gildas (c. 1130) by Caradoc of Llancarfan and in the Welsh "Dialogue of Melwas and Gwenhwyfar." It is the subject of the earliest known Arthurian sculpture on the archivolt of the Porta della Pescheria on the Modena Cathedral. The story of the abduction is the central action in Chrétien de Troyes' Lancelot and appears in Malory.

Geoffrey of Monmouth introduces the notion of Guinevere’s infidelity (with Modred) while Arthur is fighting on the continent. In the twelfth-century Rise of Gawain. Arthur’s wife is called Gwendoloena and is said to have been initiated into sorcery and to be able to divine the future.

In Chrétien’s Lancelot. Guinevere becomes Lancelot’s lover after he rescues her from Meleagant. She is a demanding courtly lover; for example, she refuses to see Lancelot after he has suffered greatly in saving her because he hesitated two steps before leaping into a cart on his quest to rescue her, thus suggesting that his love was not absolute. But she loves deeply and contemplates suicide when she hears rumors of Lancelot’s.

Although generally in the romance tradition, Guinevere is portrayed as Lancelot’s lover, that is not the case in Ulrich von Zatzikhoven’s Lanzelet. Ginover, who fails the chastity test of the mantle, she is said to have erred only in thought. The nature of those thoughts is not revealed, but she and Arthur have a son and seem to be happily married. And she is an intimate friend of Lanzelet’s beloved Yblis. Lanzelet does champion Ginover, but when she is abducted by Valerin, Arthur leads the expedition to rescue her and Lanzelet plays only a minor role.

In the Vulgate Cycle, the first meeting between Guinevere and Lancelot is arranged by Galehaut, and Guinevere subsequently arranges for Galehaut and the Lady of Malehaut to become lovers. She is later accused of not being the true Guinevere by the illegitimate daughter of her father Leodagan and the wife of his seneschal. When Arthur falls in love with the False Guinevere and accepts her as his queen, Guinevere is protected by Lancelot and Galehaut until the truth is revealed. Lancelot assists Guinevere again by rescuing her when she is abducted by Meleagant. In the Mort Artu. after Guinevere is found to be Lancelot’s lover and condemned to be burned to death, Lancelot rescues her again and takes her to Joyous Guard, but the Pope demands that Arthur be reconciled with her. When Arthur leaves for France to attack Lancelot, Mordred tries to claim the throne and to marry Guinevere. She flees to the Tower of London and then, when Arthur returns, to a convent, where she dies.

Malory’s Guinevere is jealous and demanding but also a true lover. Her jealousy and anger drive Lancelot mad and lead her to say she wishes he were dead. Nevertheless, she remains true to him. She is accused several times of crimes—infidelity and the murder of Mador’s relative—and must be saved by Lancelot, as she is once again when their love is discovered and she is sentenced to be burned at the stake. When Mordred rebels against Arthur and attempts to marry her, she flees first to the Tower of London and then to the nunnery at Amesbury, where she becomes abbess. Lancelot visits her there after the death of Arthur, but she asks him to leave and never to return and refuses even to give him a final kiss. She dies a holy death, of which Lancelot learns in a vision that instructs him to have her buried next to Arthur.

While Malory is understanding of the true love of Guinevere, Tennyson makes her an example of an unfaithful wife. His Guinevere believes that "He is all fault who hath no fault at all" and wants her lover to "have a touch of earth." Arthur, before whom she grovels with guilt when he visits her in the nunnery, says that she has "spoilt the purpose of my life." Nevertheless, Tennyson does bring Guinevere and other female characters to the fore, as does one of his contemporaries, William Morris. In his poem "The Defence of Guenevere," Morris is the first to give the Queen her own voice, thus beginning a tradition that is continued in Sara Teasdale's poem "Guenevere," Dorothy Parker's "Guinevere at Her Fireside," and Wendy Mnookin's collection Guenever Speaks. as well as in many contemporary novels told from Guinevere's point of view, such as Parke Godwin's Beloved Exile and Persia Wooley's Guinevere trilogy.

Ahern, Stephen. “Listening to Guinevere: Female Agency and the Politics of Chivalry in Tennyson’s Idylls .” Studies in Philology 101.1 (2004): 88-112.

Archibald, Elizabeth. "Malory's Lancelot and Guenevere." In A Companion to Arthurian Literature. Ed. Helen Fulton. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Pp. 312-25.

Cross, Tom Peete and William Albert Nitze. Lancelot and Guenevere: A Study on the Origins of Courtly Love. 1930; rpt. New York: Phaeton Press, 1970.

Fulton, Helen. “A Woman’s Place: Guinevere in the Welsh and French Romances.” Quondam et Futurus: A Journal of Arthurian Interpretations 3.2 (1993): 1-25.

Gordon-Wise, Barbara Ann. The Reclamation of a Queen: Guinevere in Modern Fantasy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Hoberg, Tom. “In Her Own Right: The Guinevere of Parke Godwin. In Popular Arthurian Traditions. Ed. Sally K. Slocum. Bowling Green, OK: Popular Press, 1992. Pp. 68-79.

Hodges, Kenneth. “Guenevere’s Politics in Malory’s Morte Darthur. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 104.1 (2005): 54-79.

Korrel, Peter. An Arthurian Triangle: A Study of the Origin, Development and Characterization of Arthur, Guinevere and Modred. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1984.

Lancelot and Guinevere: A Casebook. Ed. Lori J. Wlaters. New York: Garland, 1996.

Noble, James. “Guinevere, the Superwoman of Contemporary Arthurian Fiction.” Florilegium 23.2 (2006): 197-210.

Ranum, Ingrid. “Tennyson’s False Women: Vivien, Guinevere, and the Challenge to Victorian Domestic Ideology.” Victorian Newsletter 117 (201): 39-56.

Samples, Susann. "Guinevere: A Re-Appraisal." Arthurian Interpretations 3.2 (1989): 106-18.

Sasso, Eleonora. “Tennyson, Morris and the Guinevere Complex.” Tennyson Research Bulletin 9:3 (2009): 271-27.

Shichtman, Martin B. “Elaine and Guinevere: Gender and Historical Consciousness in the Middle Ages.” In New Images of Medieval Women: Essays towards a Cultural Anthropology. Ed. Edelgard E. DuBruck. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1989. Pp. 255-71.

Skinner, Veronica L. “Guinevere’s Role in the Arthurian Poetry of Charles Williams. Mythlore 4.3 (1977): 9-11.

And dances a Galliard on the Queen's hand 1880

And One of These Strange Choosing Cloths Was Blue. 1914

And there openly Sir Mador appealed the Queen of. 1917

Arthur and Guenevere Kiss Before All the People 1902

Arthur Forgives Guinevere 1898

Arthur Leaves the Nunnery 1898

"Arthur saw Guinevere bending over the wall" 1903

At last the strange knight smote him to the earth. 1912

Before the Coming of the Sinful Queen 1911

But still the knights cried mightily without the. 1912

Cloister Scene 1867

The Dawn of Love 1867

The Death of Guenevere 1912

The Departure of the Knights [on the Quest for the. 1908

Enid, Guinevere, and Vivien 1911

The Fight in the Queen's Ante-Chamber 1911

The Gardener Lad takes off his Cap 1903

"Guenevere Gone A Maying." 1924

Guenevere Sends her Page to Lancelot for Help 1902

Guenevere! Guenevere! Do You Not Know Me, Are You. 1914

Guinevere c. 1875

Guinevere (Title) 1912

Guinevere after Arthur's Departure 1898

Guinevere and the Novice 1898

Guinevere as a Nun 1898

Guinevere at the Nunnery at Almesbury n.d.

Guinevere Flees to Almesbury 1898

Guinevere Forgives the Novice 1898

Guinevere Grovels Before Arthur 1898

Guinevere in the Golden Days 1911

Guinevere in the Nunnery 1911

Guinevere Scorns Lancelot's Gift 1898

Guinevere Sees Arthur by the Castle Wall 1901

Guinevere Takes Refuge in a Convent 1901

Guinevere Watches for Geraint and Enid 1898

Guinevere with Enid and Vivien 1898

Guinevere's Flight to Almesbury 1867

Guinevere's Jealousy 1898

Guinevere's Last Glimpse of Arthur 1898

"Hast Seen Sir Launcelot About?" 1889

He Gave Them Charge About The Queen 1912

He rode his way with the queen unto Joyous Gard 1917

Headpiece to "The Defence of Guinevere" 1914

"Here by God's Rood is the One Maid for Me" 1912

How King Arthur and Queen Guenever went to see the. 1917

How Queen Guenever Made Her a Nun 1893-1894

How Queen Guenever Rode on Maying 1893-1894

How Sir Launcelot and his kinsmen rescued the queen. n.d. [1927]

In That Garden Fair Came Launcelot Walking; This Is. 1914

It was their last hour 1912

"King Arthur had hardly spoken, before a white hart. 1910

King Arthur meets the Lady Guinevere 1903

The King's Farewell 1867

The Lady Guinevere 1903

Lancelot and Guenevere 1912

Lancelot and Guinevere 1911

Lancelot and Guinevere 1898

Lancelot and Guinevere's Parting Kiss 1898

Lancelot as Arthur's Ambassador to Guinevere 1898

Lancelot Comes Out of Guenevere's Room 1902

Launcelot Loved Guenevere from the Moment He First. 1921

Launcelot's Vigil by the Queen 1903

The Little Novice and the Queen 1875

The Lovers appear before King Arthur 1912

The Marriage of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere 1862

The Marriage of King Arthur 1912

"Nevertheless You, O Sir Gauwaine, Lie" 1914

The Novice Sings "Late, So Late" 1867

The Parting of Lancelot and Guinevere 1867

The Parting of Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere 1875

The Passing of Arthur 1910

The Passing of Guinevere 1910

The Penance of Queen Guenevere 1912

The Princess Drew Back Blushing 1912

The Queen and her Maidens watch for Sir Lancelot 1912

"Queen Guenever Was as Naïvely Interested as the. 1889

Queen Guenever's Peril 1880

Queen Guinever 1914

Queen Guinever went to Almesbury, and there she. 1914

Queen Guinevere Had Fled the Court 1912

The Rescue of Guenevere 1912

She made her face a darkness from the King. 1912

Sir Launcelot and the Queen Talked Sadly Together 1921

Sir Launcelot Defends the Door 1910

Sir Launcelot Greets Queen Guinevere 1905

Sir Launcelot to the Rescue of the Queen n.d. [1912]

Sir Launcelot's Last Sight of Queen Guenever n.d. [1912]

Sir Mador Accuses Guenevere 1902

Sir Mellegrans Interrupts the Sport of the Queen 1907

Then Sir Launcelot saw her visage, but he wept not. n.d. [1927]

Then Sir Launcelot saw her visage, but he wept not. 1917

Then the Queen Guenever made great sorrow for the. n.d. [1927]

Then was Sir Lancelot sent for, and the letter read. 1912

This slap was recorded in the Bardic Triads as one. 1897

"Where Launcelot Is, She Noteth Not the Going Forth. 1889

"Yea, Little Maid, for Am I Not Forgiven?" 1912